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						<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><span dir="auto">Timing attack</span></h1>
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<div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" src="Timing%20attack%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia_pliki/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" height="40" width="40"></div>
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<td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, related reading or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, but <b>its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by introducing more precise citations.</span> <small><i>(March 2009)</i></small> </span></td>
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<p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a>, a <b>timing attack</b> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_channel_attack" title="Side channel attack">side channel attack</a> in which the attacker attempts to compromise a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptosystem" title="Cryptosystem">cryptosystem</a>
 by analyzing the time taken to execute cryptographic algorithms. Every 
logical operation in a computer takes time to execute, and the time can 
differ based on the input; with precise measurements of the time for 
each operation, an attacker can work backwards to the input.</p>
<p>Information can leak from a system through measurement of the time it
 takes to respond to certain queries. How much such information can help
 an attacker depends on many variables: crypto system design, the CPU 
running the system, the algorithms used, assorted implementation 
details, timing attack countermeasures, the accuracy of the timing 
measurements, etc.</p>
<p>Timing attacks are often overlooked in the design phase because they are so dependent on the implementation.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle">&nbsp;[<a href="#" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]&nbsp;</span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Concept"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Concept</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Examples"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Examples</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Concept">Concept</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timing_attack&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Concept">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>A timing attack is an example of an attack that exploits the data-dependent behavioral characteristics of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implementation" title="Implementation">implementation</a> of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> rather than the mathematical properties of the algorithm itself.</p>
<p>Many cryptographic algorithms can be implemented (or masked by a 
proxy) in a way that reduces or eliminates data dependent timing 
information: consider an implementation in which every call to a 
subroutine always returns in exactly x seconds, where x is the maximum 
time it ever takes to execute that routine on every possible authorised 
input. In such an implementation, the timing of the algorithm leaks no 
information about the data supplied to that invocation. The downside of 
this approach is that the time to execute many invocations increases 
from the average performance of the function to the worst case 
performance of the function.</p>
<p>Timing attacks are practical in many cases:</p>
<ul>
<li>Timing attacks can be applied to any algorithm that has 
data-dependent timing variation. Software run on a CPU with a data cache
 will exhibit data-dependent timing variations as a result of memory 
looks into the cache. Some operations, such as multiplication, may have 
varied execution time depending on the inputs. Removing 
timing-dependencies is difficult in some algorithms that use low-level 
operations that frequently exhibit varied execution time.</li>
<li>Finding secrets through timing information may be significantly 
easier than using cryptanalysis of known plaintext, ciphertext pairs. 
Sometimes timing information is combined with cryptanalysis to improve 
the rate of information leakage.</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Examples">Examples</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timing_attack&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The execution time for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square-and-multiply_algorithm" title="Square-and-multiply algorithm" class="mw-redirect">square-and-multiply algorithm</a> used in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_exponentiation" title="Modular exponentiation">modular exponentiation</a>
 depends linearly on the number of '1' bits in the key. While the number
 of '1' bits alone is not nearly enough information to make finding the 
key trivially easy, repeated executions with the same key and different 
inputs can be used to perform statistical correlation analysis of timing
 information to recover the key completely, even by a passive attacker. 
Observed timing measurements often include noise (from such sources as 
network latency, or disk drive access differences from access to access,
 and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_correction" title="Error correction" class="mw-redirect">error correction</a>
 techniques used to recover from transmission errors). Nevertheless, 
timing attacks are practical against a number of encryption algorithms, 
including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_%28algorithm%29" title="RSA (algorithm)">RSA</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElGamal_encryption" title="ElGamal encryption">ElGamal</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signature_Algorithm" title="Digital Signature Algorithm">Digital Signature Algorithm</a>.</p>
<p>In 2003, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Boneh" title="Dan Boneh">Boneh</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brumley" title="David Brumley">Brumley</a> demonstrated a practical network-based timing attack on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Sockets_Layer" title="Secure Sockets Layer" class="mw-redirect">SSL</a>-enabled web servers, based on a different vulnerability having to do with the use of RSA with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_remainder_theorem" title="Chinese remainder theorem">Chinese remainder theorem</a>
 optimizations. The actual network distance was small in their 
experiments, but the attack successfully recovered a server private key 
in a matter of hours. This demonstration led to the widespread 
deployment and use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinding_%28cryptography%29" title="Blinding (cryptography)">blinding</a>
 techniques in SSL implementations. In this context, blinding is 
intended to remove correlations between key and encryption time.</p>
<p>Some versions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> use a relatively expensive implementation of the <i>crypt</i>
 library function for hashing an 8-character password into an 
11-character string. On older hardware, this computation took a 
deliberately and measurably long time: as much as two or three seconds 
in some cases.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <i>login</i>
 program in early versions of Unix executed the crypt function only when
 the login name was recognized by the system. This leaked information 
through timing about the validity of the login name, even when the 
password was incorrect. An attacker could exploit such leaks by first 
applying <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brute-force_attack" title="Brute-force attack">brute-force</a>
 to produce a list of login names known to be valid, then attempt to 
gain access by combining only these names with a large set of passwords 
known to be frequently used. Without any information on the validity of 
login names the time needed to execute such an approach would increase 
by orders of magnitude, effectively rendering it useless. Later versions
 of Unix have fixed this leak by always executing the crypt function, 
regardless of login name validity.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>Two otherwise securely isolated processes running on a single system with either <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_memory" title="Cache memory" class="mw-redirect">cache memory</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> can communicate by deliberately causing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_fault" title="Page fault">page faults</a> and/or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_miss" title="Cache miss" class="mw-redirect">cache misses</a>
 in one process, then monitoring the resulting changes in access times 
from the other. Likewise, if an application is trusted, but its 
paging/caching is affected by branching logic, it may be possible for a 
second application to determine the values of the data compared to the 
branch condition by monitoring access time changes; in extreme examples,
 this can allow recovery of cryptographic key bits.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timing_attack&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Timing attacks are easier to mount if the adversary knows the 
internals of the hardware implementation, and even more so, the crypto 
system in use. Since cryptographic security should never depend on the 
obscurity of either (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_through_obscurity" title="Security through obscurity">security through obscurity</a>, specifically both Shannon's Maxim and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerckhoffs%27_principle" title="Kerckhoffs' principle" class="mw-redirect">Kerckhoffs' principle</a>),
 resistance to timing attacks should not either. If nothing else, an 
exemplar can be purchased and reverse engineered. Timing attacks and 
other side-channel attacks may also be useful in identifying, or 
possibly reverse-engineering, a cryptographic algorithm used by some 
device.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timing_attack&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Percival, Colin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daemonology.net/papers/htt.pdf">Cache Missing for Fun and Profit</a>, 2005; Bernstein, Daniel J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cr.yp.to/antiforgery/cachetiming-20050414.pdf">Cache-timing attacks on AES</a>, 2005.</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Paul C. Kocher: Timing Attacks on Implementations of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffie-Hellman" title="Diffie-Hellman" class="mw-redirect">Diffie-Hellman</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_%28algorithm%29" title="RSA (algorithm)">RSA</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signature_Algorithm" title="Digital Signature Algorithm">DSS</a>, and Other Systems. CRYPTO 1996: 104–113 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cryptography.com/timingattack/paper.html">pdf file</a>)</li>
<li>David Brumley and Dan Boneh: Remote timing attacks are practical. USENIX Security Symposium, August 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crypto.stanford.edu/%7Edabo/papers/ssl-timing.pdf">pdf file</a></li>
<li>Colin Percival: Cache Missing for Fun and Profit, 13 May 2005 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daemonology.net/papers/htt.pdf">pdf file</a>)</li>
<li><span class="citation journal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Lipton" title="Richard J. Lipton">Lipton, Richard</a>; Naughton, Jeffrey F. (March 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/m45w74398002p462/">"Clocked adversaries for hashing"</a>. <i>Algorithmica</i> <b>9</b> (3): 239–252. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01190898">10.1007/BF01190898</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2 September 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiming+attack&amp;rft.atitle=Clocked+adversaries+for+hashing&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Lipton&amp;rft.au=Lipton%2C+Richard&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm45w74398002p462%2F&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01190898&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Algorithmica&amp;rft.pages=239%E2%80%93252&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=9" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>
</ul>


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